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Intrapersonal Contributors to Drug Use: The Willing Host. Contents Get access More Abstract Although social-environmental factors play a large role in the development of substance use and abuse, other important contributors reside within the individual. These intrapersonal factors help determine certain aspects of the social environment, which may in turn alter the probability of drug use and abuse.. The Role of Intrapersonal Factors on Alcohol and Drug Use Among Latinos .. We sought to obtain a detailed description of the role of intrapersonal factors, including perceptions and life experiences, on alcohol and drug use among Latinos with physical disabilities. We employed community-based participatory research in conjunction with photovoice. A total of 17 focus group interviews were completed. intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. Familial, interpersonal, and intrapersonal correlates of drug . - PubMed. 1 PMID: 3266618 DOI: This study examined familial, interpersonal, and intrapersonal factors associated with adolescent drug use from both developmental and etiological perspectives. Retrospective case-control and prospective longitudinal designs were used.

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. Intrapersonal Contributors to Drug Use | Semantic Scholar. Although social-environmental factors play a large role in the development of substance use and abuse, other important contributors reside within the individual. These intrapersonal factors help determine certain aspects of the social environment, which may in turn alter the probability of drug use and abuse. In addition, these intrapersonal factors alter chances of initiation, the transition .. The Role of Intrapersonal Factors on Alcohol and Drug Use . - PubMed. We sought to obtain a detailed description of the role of intrapersonal factors, including perceptions and life experiences, on alcohol and drug use among Latinos with physical disabilities intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. We employed community-based participatory research in conjunction with photovoice. A total of 17 focus group interviews were completed.. The Role of Intrapersonal Factors on Alcohol and Drug Use Among Latinos . intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. Abstract. Persons with disabilities are disproportionately impacted by alcohol and drug use. Social work best practice approaches require an understanding of the effects of intrapersonal factors on alcohol and drug use, yet the theoretical and empirical literature remain underdeveloped, especially among ethnic minority populations. intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse

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. Cultural, social, and intrapersonal factors associated with substance .. The intrapersonal factors include self-esteem, optimism, coping, depression, loneliness, and selfefficacy. Risk behaviors assessed include cigarette smoking, alcohol use, use of marijuana, and use of cocaine. Method Fifty-one schools within Texas were identified as dropout prevention and recovery high schools (Weller et al., 1999). intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. Cultural, social, and intrapersonal factors associated with substance .. The purpose of this study was to identify cultural, social, and intrapersonal factors associated with tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use among students attending dropout prevention/recovery high schools. Four mutually exclusive categories of substance use were used as outcome measures, and relig …. The opioid crisis: a contextual, social-ecological framework. The prevalence of opioid use and misuse has provoked a staggering number of deaths over the past two and a half decades. Much attention has focused on individual risks according to various characteristics and experiences. However, broader social and contextual domains are also essential contributors to the opioid crisis such as interpersonal relationships and the conditions of the community .. An Interpersonal Model of Addiction Relapse - PubMed intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse

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Together, these perspectives provide insight into the role of interpersonal stress as a powerful and oftentimes destructive factor that affects individuals in recovery from substance dependence

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. We then review the empirical evidence showing that intrapersonal traits and interpersonal environments interact to increase an addicts risk of relapse. intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. Cultural, social, and intrapersonal factors associated with substance .. The purpose of this study was to identify cultural, social, and intrapersonal factors associated with tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use among students attending dropout prevention/recovery high schools. Four mutually exclusive categories of substance use were used as outcome measures, and religiosity, educational achievement, educational aspiration, family caring, others caring, self .. An Interpersonal Model of Addiction Relapse - PMC - National Center for .

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. Introduction. Relapse following treatment for alcohol or drug use disorders is a common problem. Studies indicate that 50-70% of patients are unable to remain abstinent during the first year following addiction treatment ().A large body of literature, reflecting both animal and human studies, has identified three precipitants of relapse: exposure to a priming dose of a drug, an environmental . intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Factors Influencing Adolescents .. Longitudinal data were collected from 790 high-school-aged adolescents. In an intrapersonal variable model, sensation seeking, alcohol use, hard work, smoking, and moral beliefs had mediated effects, but the last 2 also had direct effects (on intention and behavior, respectively).. Cultural, social, and intrapersonal factors associated with substance .. Four mutually exclusive categories of substance use were used as outcome measures, and religiosity, educational achievement, educational aspiration, family caring, others caring, self-esteem,.. The Role of Intrapersonal Factors on Alcohol and Drug . - ResearchGate. This study examined underlying contextual factors associated with substance abuse among a nationally representative sample of White, Native American, and Mixed-Race adolescents 12-17 years of age . intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. The 6 Major Factors That Can Contribute to Substance Abuse. 1. Mental Illness It is impossible to separate the connection between mental illness and substance abuse. The two are often found together and mental health problems are undoubtedly a contributing factor to substance abuse. This is especially true when individuals struggle with mental illness but arent properly diagnosed or treated.. The Influence of Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Community Protective .. Precarious political circumstances can take a mental toll on young people. Adopting a socio-ecological perspective, this study investigated the influence of stress arising from political life events, intrapersonal factors (i.e., meaning in life, resilience), interpersonal factors (i.e., social support, associational social capital), and community factors (i.e., perceived empowerment in the .. Factors That Contribute to Substance Abuse - American Addiction. Factors such as family history, genetics, mental issues, and the environment can increase someones substance abuse susceptibility. That said, lets look at the factors that contribute to drug addiction based on three categories: social, personal, and risk intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. American Addiction Institutes Approach To Treating Substance Abuse intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. What Factors Lead to Drug Addiction? - FutureLearn. Rhodes and colleagues (2003), identified risk factors at three levels: intrapersonal, microenvironmental and macro-environmental. Intrapersonal risk factors relate to the person which could involve having parents with problematic drug use, family dysfunction and/or child abuse. The strongest microenvironmental factors, particularly during .. Intrapersonal/interpersonal factors related to . - Oxford Academic. For girls, significant associations were found between smoking refusal and smoking cigarettes 95%CI=0.75-0.92, alcohol refusal and alcohol prevalence 95%CI=0.72-0.95, positive expectations 95%CI=1.04-1.20, negative expectations 95%CI=0.78-0.94, self-control 95%CI=0.91-1.00 and alcohol prevalence. Conclusions intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Factors related to Substance Use .. Using hierachical regression, the association between intrapersonal (e.g., self-esteem) and interpersonal factors (e.g., best friend substance use) and substance use among adolescents was examined. intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. What are intrapersonal factors? - Heimduo. Useful What are intrapersonal factors? February 6, 2021 Author Table of Contents [ hide] 1 What are intrapersonal factors? 2 What are the intrapersonal factors of substance abuse? 3 What are the four contributing factors that may lead to an increase of learners? 4 Which of the following is an important factor in substance abuse?. Intrapersonal Contributors to Drug Use: The Willing Host. These intrapersonal factors help determine certain aspects of the social environment, which may in turn alter the probability of drug use and abuse. In addition, these intrapersonal factors alter chances of initiation, the transition from initiation to regular use of a drug, and the transition from regular drug use to problem use.. Drug & Alcohol Addiction Treatment Centers | Better Addiction Care. The rehab process is a structured approach to help individuals overcome addiction and achieve long-term sobriety. While the specifics can vary based on the facility, type of addiction, and individual needs, the general rehab process often includes assessment, detoxification, therapy, education, skills training, aftercare planning, and follow-up, all aimed at helping individuals overcome .. Familial, Social, and Individual Factors Contributing to Risk for .. Data from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reveal high numbers of adolescent substance use in the United States. Substance use among adolescents can lead to increased risk of transmission of sexually transmitted infections, vehicular fatalities, juvenile delinquency, and other problems associated with physical and mental .. 5 Factors that Contribute to Drug Abuse | PDF - SlideShare. 1. TOP 05 FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE FACTOR #1: DRUG OR ALCOHOL ADDICTION RUNS IN THE FAMILY FACTOR #2: PRESENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OR MENTAL ILLNESS FACTOR #3: A PERSONALITY PRONE TO RISKY BEHAVIORS FACTOR #4: SOCIAL RISK/PEER PRESSURE FACTOR #5: LACK OF HEALTHY COPING MECHANISMS AND LIFE SKILLS.. Substance Abuse and Interpersonal Relationships - Alcohol Rehab

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. Substance abuse has an impact on interpersonal relationships intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. It can destroy families and lead to disharmony at the workplace intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse

intrapersonal

The substance abuser will usually find solace in the company of other heavy drinkers or drug users. This group will support the substance abuse, and provide the individual with the sense of belonging to a community. .. Contextual influences of illicit adolescent marijuana cultivation and .. Several factors have been cited for adolescent involvement in illicit drug activities, such as marijuana cultivation and trading. For instance, poverty is one of the main factors that contribute to illegal adolescent drug production and trading [15, 16]. intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. Ecological Model - ACHA intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. In the ecological model health status and behavior are the outcomes of interest (McLeroy, Bibeau, Steckler & Glanz, 1988, p. 355) and viewed as being determined by the following: Public policy — Local, state, national, and global laws and policies intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. Includes polices that allocate resources to establish and maintain a coalition that serves a .. An exploratory study of factors that contributed to substance abuse by .. The results from the study also show interpersonal and environmental factors that contributed to respondents abuse of substances. It is recommended that prevention and treatment programs for substance abuse take account of intrapersonal, interpersonal and environmental factors that contribute to substance abuse.. Risk Factors that Contribute Substance Abuse and Addiction. Mental health conditions such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and anxiety are also factors that contribute to substance abuse and addiction issues. People use drugs and alcohol to cope, but certain substances actually increase depression and anxiety. People who have chronic pain conditions can also get addicted to opioids.. Causes of Addiction | Psychology Today South Africa. There are many factors that influence addiction beyond genes and biology

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. One of the most significant is t he family milieu and early life experiences. Family interactions, parenting style, and .. PDF The Social Factors Influencing Adolescent Drug Abuse: a Study Of intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. The aim of the study was to explore the influence of social factors on adolescent drug abuse. The researchers interest in the study evolved from her involvement with adolescent drug . 2.5.1 Factors contributing to conflict between parents and adolescents 26 2.5.1.1 Social life and customs 26 2.5.1.2 Responsibility 26. Substance Abuse: Grade 7 | PPT - SlideShare. 6. Substance abuse can simply be defined as a pattern of harmful use of any substance for mood-altering purposes intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. It is uncontrolled and un-prescribed. It leads to effects that are detrimental to the individuals physical and mental health, or the welfare of others. 7. It is a strong subjective drive to use the substance.. INTRAPERSONAL RISK FACTORS | Download Table - ResearchGate. Join for free. Download Table | INTRAPERSONAL RISK FACTORS from publication: Risk factors for relapse among young African adults following in-patient treatment for drug abuse in the Gauteng .. What Are the Factors Contributing to Drug Abuse? - Laguna View Detox. Factors such as marital status of parents, childhood maltreatment, parent-child relationships, child perception, level of parental education and familial socioeconomic status each can play a role in the likelihood for the development of substance abuse

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. Although any person of any age can become addicted to substances, teens face the highest .. Relationship among social and intrapersonal risk, alcohol expectancies .. Although intrapersonal risk factors and expectancies are probably related, intrapersonal risk would be expected to influence usage independent of expectancies as well intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. Within the context of problem behavior theory (Jessor & Jessor, 1977) factors such as tolerance of deviance are hypothesized to be part of the personality system and proximally . intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. 14-02-17 Intrapersonal Factors - Intrapersonal Factors . - Studocu. Lecture notes on the intrapersonal factors affecting substance misuse

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intrapersonal factors substance use: dr vicky scaife 11:49 14 february 2017 interpersonal. Skip to document. 31-01-17 Factors Associated With Substance Abuse. Psychology of Substance Use (PSY6005B) Lecture notes. None intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. 8. Theoretical Perspectives - Integrative Accounts. intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. A Scoping Review of Risk and Protective Factors for Negative Cannabis .. As such, themes of risk and protective factors for CRNCs are presented within the theoretical domain (eg, level of influence) of the appropriate predictor including intrapersonal factors (those influencing behavior such as knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, mental health, and personality), interpersonal factors (social norms and relationships with .. How does substance abuse affect students? - ASK SOUTH AFRICA. What are 5 intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse? These factors include (but are not limited to) personality, cognitions, affect, problem behaviors, demographics, and bonding intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. What are the three most common forms of substance abuse? Alcohol intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. Marijuana. Prescription medicines, such as pain pills, stimulants, or anxiety pills.. Examining the Unique Influence of Interpersonal and Intrapersonal .. Objective: Interventions for college student drinking often incorporate interpersonal factors such as descriptive and/or injunctive norms to correct misperceptions about campus drinking (e.g., BASICS [Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students] and social-norms campaigns) intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. Some interventions also focus on intra-personal factors of alcohol consumption, which can be considered .. 5 Factors that Contribute to Drug Addiction - Anaheim Lighthouse. Substance abuse is very individualistic, there are several factors that combine, and all of them have important roles to play. According to the American Psychological Association genes are important in addiction - genetic factors contribute to about half of a persons tendency to become addicted intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. Our genes have been linked to: a quicker . intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. The consequences of marijuana use on intrapersonal and . - PubMed. Regular use also appears to interfere with adolescents relationships with their parents and to lead them to associate with more deviant and drug-using friends. The consequences of marijuana use for intrapersonal and interpersonal functioning were for the most part similar in the different sex and age groups, although there were some ethnic .. Cultural, social and intrapersonal factors associated with clusters of . intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. Abstract. Background: Adverse health-related behaviours (HRBs) have been shown to co-occur in adolescents. Evidence lacks on factors associated with these co-occurring HRBs. The Theory of Triadic Influence (TTI) offers a route to categorize these determinants according to type (social, cultural and intrapersonal) and distance in the causal pathway (ultimate or distal).. The Role of Empowerment-Based Protective Factors on . - Springer. Results revealed that both intrapersonal and cognitive psychological empowerment were associated with lower rates of 30-day substance use mediated by ethnic identity and community civic engagement. Findings from this study contribute to the social work field by highlighting the importance of strengths-based approaches to improving health .. Exploring Structural, Sociocultural, and Individual Barriers to Alcohol . intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. Findings suggest that treatment seeking behaviors are highly influenced by (a) structural factors related to treatment accessibility, and linguistic and cultural-responsiveness of available treatment, (b) sociocultural factors related to difficulties problematizing alcohol abuse due to lack of community awareness and cultural normalization of .. Factors That Influence Teenagers to Substance Abuse. Family intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse

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. Growing up in a family that emphasizes getting "high" from legal or illegal substances can cause an adolescent to think drug use is acceptable intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. Mayo Clinic explains that this unhealthy family influence may be a factor in a teens initial drug experimentation 3. Exposure to family members who reach for a substance to cure every pain or .. The effects of drug addiction treatment methods on families behaviors .. This qualitative research study uses grounded theory to study the factors that contribute to positive family change and changes in the family system throughout the treatment process intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. The study selected 39 participants from among the clients at Congress 60 Human Revivification Society using purposive sampling until the study reached data saturation.. Interpersonal Trauma Exposure, Trauma Symptoms, and Severity of . intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. In an analysis that compared the diagnosis of substance abuse and dependence per the DSM-IV and the diagnosis of severity of substance use . Saunders B, Resnick HS, Best CL, Schnurr PP. Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and dependence: Data from a national sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2000; 68 (1):19-30 .. PDF Interpersonal violence and illicit drugs - World Health Organization (WHO). factors associated with the individual, relationships between individuals, and communitiesandsociety. Table 2: Shared risk factors for illicit drug use and interpersonal violence. Interpersonal vs Intrapersonal: Be Strong in Both - University of the .. An intrapersonal person is someone with strong intrapersonal skills. They are very connected with themselves, and know what they feel, need, and want intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. Some of skills highly intrapersonal people have are: 1. Visualization. This is the ability to see things in the mind, how they are meant to be or how you plan them intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. Many athletes, artists, and .. Personal, interpersonal, and cultural predictors of stages of cigarette .. Factors in all four domains significantly predicted three different stages of smoking intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. Personal attributes (internalising and externalising) distinguished among the three stages intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse

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. this is the first study to distinguish among stages of smoking behaviour as related to intrapersonal, interpersonal (that is, family, and peer), and cultural .. Study finds factors contributing to drug abuse among disadvantaged .. Study finds factors contributing to drug abuse among disadvantaged, rural youth. Having grown up poor in a rural village in Zimbabwe, Wilson Majee saw firsthand as a child the lack of educational . intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. DigitalCommons@USU | Utah State University Research. DigitalCommons@USU | Utah State University Research. An exploratory study of factors that contributed to substance abuse by .. The results from the study also show interpersonal and environmental factors that contributed to respondents abuse of substances. It is recommended that prevention and treatment programs for substance abuse take account of intrapersonal, interpersonal and environmental factors that contribute to substance abuse. intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. Social, Environmental, Cognitive, and Genetic Influences on the Use of .. Social and environmental factors are likely to be more influential in low-level or early tobacco use (and thus are more appropriate targets for intervention during these stages), while intrapersonal factors tend to be strong predictors of later and higher levels of use, when addiction to nicotine is more strongly involved (Tucker et al. 2003 .

. Intrapersonal and Social-Contextual Factors Related to Psychological .. alcohol and/or drug use as contributing to the conflict, while 26% cited the alcohol or drug use of other family members as contributing to familial conflict (Mallett, Rosenthal, & Keyes, 2005). Moreover, youth described two ways that drug and/or alcohol use among either themselves or a family member played a role in their subsequent. Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Factors Influencing Adolescents .. Longitudinal data were collected from 790 high-school-aged adolescents. In an intrapersonal variable model, sensation seeking, alcohol use, hard work, smoking, and moral beliefs had mediated effects, but the last 2 also had direct effects (on intention and behavior, respectively).. (PDF) Risk Factors Associated with Drug Use: The . - ResearchGate. Given the broad risk environment associated with drug use initiation (Rhodes et al., 2003), social networks are a central mediating force, with micro, meso, and macro-level elements influencing . intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. Substance Abuse - Family Factors Contributing To Risk And . - JRank. Although they may place members at risk of substance abuse, family factors may also be protective. As noted above, two-parent households appear protective intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. High levels of perceived support from family members seems to protect against youth alcohol use (Foxcroft and Lowe 1991) and drug use among Hispanics/Latinos (Frauenglass et al intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. 1997) and .. Strengthening primary health care through primary care and public .. At the intrapersonal level the factors were: Personal Qualities, Knowledge, and Skills and Personal Values, Beliefs and Attitudes. Among the three provinces, there was minimal inter-provincial variation and perspectives about influencing factors and their elements were similar across sectors reflecting a general convergence of opinion of what .. High Risk Situations Predicting Relapse in Self-Referred Addicts to .. In addition, there are numerous factors aside from these high-risk situations such as destructive thinking patterns, unbalanced lifestyle and lack of planning. These combined factors undermines individuals decisions even before encountering the situation . The more risk factors a person has, the higher is the likelihood of drug abuse . The .. Relationship among social and intrapersonal risk . - ScienceDirect. The present study examined the relatioship between social risk factors (peer influence and parental approval), intrapersonal risk factors (tolerance of deviance and sensation seeking), alcohol expectancies, and alcohol usage in a cohort of seventh graders intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. Early initiation of drinking increases the lifetime risk for substance abuse and . intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. (PDF) Cultural, social, and intrapersonal factors associated with .. Key points This finding corresponds with that of many studies showing that self-control is a major determinant of behaviour in general25,26 and, Our large study significantly adds to the integral under- more specifically, for deviant behaviour in childhood,27-29 adoles- standing of cultural, social and intrapersonal factors cence and .. Interpersonal and intrapersonal factors as parallel independent .. Ajzen and Fishbein 26 provided support for their hypothesis that interpersonal and intrapersonal factors contribute independently to the prediction of behavior . Methodological advances from alcohol and substance abuse research. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1997. pp. 167-209 intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. [Google Scholar] 24.. Interpersonal relationships and drug use over time among homeless . intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. Substance abuse and dependence, as well as the death of close people, were factors that promoted social exclusion in all periods of life, and potentialised pre-existing or concurrent vulnerabilities. Policies and interventions should consider the multiplicity of vulnerabilities that accumulate across the life course of a homeless individual in . intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. An Outline of the Social Factors that Contribute to Substance Abuse .. The social factors that contribute to substance abuse encompass a range of societal and interpersonal influences. These include socio-economic challenges such as poverty and lack of education, which may push individuals to seek escape or temporary relief through drugs or alcohol. Family dynamics and peer pressures, especially in broken or . intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. PDF Models and Theories to Support Health Behavior Intervention and Program .. multiple factors that can influence the behavior change process. The model identifies five levels of influence on intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. health behavior and discusses the reciprocal relationship between them (Stokols, 1996; McLeroy, Bibeau, Steckler, & Glanz, 1988): 1 intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. Intrapersonal factors — these include individual characteristics such as knowledge,. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions - ResearchGate. Child maltreatment is a risk factor for substance abuse in adulthood. Social work best practice approaches require an understanding of the effects of intrapersonal factors on alcohol and drug .. Relapse prevention - PMC - National Center for Biotechnology Information intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. Relapse prevention (RP) is a cognitive- behavioural approach with the goal of identifying and addressing high-risk situations for relapse and assisting individuals in maintaining desired behavioural changes. RP has two specific aims: (a) Preventing an initial lapse and maintaining abstinence or harm reduction treatment goals. (b) intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. The Social-Ecological Model: A Framework for Prevention. CDC uses a four-level social-ecological model to better understand violence and the effect of potential prevention strategies. This model considers the complex interplay between individual, relationship, community, and societal factors intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. It allows us to understand the range of factors that put people at risk for violence or protect them from .. Substance Abuse and Public Health: A Multilevel Perspective and . intrapersonal factors that contribute to substance abuse. 2. Substance Abuse and Different Social Groups. When researching substance abuse and its harmful effects, researchers predominantly focus on certain social groups with a higher tendency towards substance taking and misuse, such as adolescents and male adults [13,14,15,16,17,18].This is valid, as they may encounter various demanding life and social challenges, expectations, interpersonal ..